FIGURES OF SPEECH OR POETIC DEVICES
(अलंकार)
Definition
-
Figure of speech is a poetic device or literary device that is used in poems to
produce a greater effect.
अलंकारो का प्रयोग काव्य की शोभा बढ़ाने के लिए किया जाता
है।
Wren and Martin - a figure of speech is a departure. from the
ordinary form of expression, or the ordinary course of ideas in order to
produce. a greater effect .
Types of figure of speech
1.
Simile उपमा
Definition – A simile is a comparison between two objects
of deferent kinds using words like ‘As, like, so’ etc.
इसमे ‘As, like, so’ आदि का प्रयोग करके दो आसमान वस्तुओं
के मध्य तुलना किया जाता है।
Examples
1.
She is fresh as dew.
2.
2. Trees are like
newly discharged patients.
3.
And the little yellow dog was sharp as Mustard.
4.
mouth like a fireplace (Dragon’s mouth is compared with
fireplace)
5.
as a barrel full of bears
6.
Mustard was as brave as a tiger in a rage.
7.
snorting like an engine
8.
like a robin at a worm.
9.
Moon is broken like a mirror (The moon is compared to a
mirror)
2.
Metaphor रूपक
Definition - Metaphor is an imaginative comparison
between two things or person to show that someone else or something else has
the same qualities as another. The words of comparison ‘ so, as, like etc. are
not used.
इसमे तुलना
की जाने वाली वस्तु को ही वही बता दिया जाता है।
Examples
1.
Kalidas is the Shakespeare of India. (Kalidas compared to
Shakespeare)
2.
Life is dream. (life is compared to dreams)
3.
The camel is the ship of desert.
4.
On little cat feet (Fog is compared to cat )
5.
pads of velvet (Tiger’s
paws are compared with velvet )
6.
chimney for a nose. (The nose compared to chimney.)
7.
silence is golden – silence is compared to gold.
8.
freedom is sweet. (freedom is compared to sweets.
9.
I wonder where they get those tokens (The inner qualities
of humans are referred to as tokens)
10.
Her words were a knife in his heart
3.
Personification मानवीकरण
Definition – Personification is a literary device in which lifeless, animals, objects,
Ideas, or thoughts etc. had been treated as human beings.
इसमे निर्जीव
वस्तुओ के सथ सजीवों जैसा व्यवहार होता है।
Examples
1.
Love is blind.
2.
A lie has no legs.
3.
Fog comes, it sits
4.
Sun bury it’s feet.
5.
The sun smiled down on us.
6.
The story jumped off the page.
7.
The light danced on the surface of the water.
8.
Jealousy is green-eyed monster.
9.
Death lays his icy hands on kings.
10.
Authority forgets a dying king.
4.
Alliteration अनुप्रास
Definition – Alliteration is figure of speech in which
beginning consonant letters of a word or sound repeated twice or more in a
line.
इसमे वाक्यों
के शब्दों के शुरुआती अक्षर दो या दो से अधिक बार प्रयोग किए गए होते हैं।
Examples
1.
The field of freedom, faction, fame.
2.
And saved some part.
3.
His strength behind bars
4.
Stop that slouching and sit up straight
5.
Stop that sulking
6.
he had, your yellow
7.
Belinda was as brave as a barrel full of bears
5.
Assonance स्वरसाम्य
Definition – Assonance is figure of speech in which the same vowel sound repeats in words twice
or more. The Vowels should be used in the middle of the words.
इसमे वाक्यों
के शब्दों के बीच के अक्षर जो की vowel होते हैं दो से अधिक बार प्रयोग किए गए होते हैं।
Examples
1. She seems to beam.
2. Shook down on me”
3. if some time when roaming round
4. in his vivid stripes Belinda was as brave
as a barrel full of bears.
5. Surf and turf
6.
Consonance संस्वनता
Definition – When the same
Consonant sound repeats in words, one after another word in the middle or at the
end of words , is called consonance.
इसमे वाक्यों के शब्दों के बीच के अक्षर जो की Consonant होते हैं दो से अधिक बार प्रयोग किए गए होते हैं।
Examples
1.
Toss the glass, boss.
2.
It will creep and beep while you sleep.
3.
He struck a streak of bad luck.
4.
A truck of full of unlucky ducks.
5.
Humpty Dumpty.
7.
Apostrophe सम्बोधन
Definition – Apostrophe
is figure of speech in which a lifeless
object, abstract idea, or personified things etc. are directly addressed.
इसमे भाववाचक संज्ञा या निर्जीव वस्तुओं को सीधे संबोधित किया
जाता है।
Examples
1.
O Death! Where is thy sting?
2.
O Grave! Where is the victory?
3.
O Solitude! Where are the charms?
8.
Oxymoron विरोधाभास
Definition – Oxymoron is figure of speech in which two opposite words
are used one after another and express a specific meaning.
इसमे दो विपरीत अर्थ के शब्द एक साथ प्रयोग किए गए होते हैं।
Examples
1.
Life is bitter sweet.
2.
It is an open secret.
3.
I am feeling sweet
pain.
9.
Hyperbole अतिशयोक्ति
Definition – Hyperbole is figure of speech in which things are shown much bigger
or much smaller than they really are.
इसमे वास्तविकता के विपरीत चीजों को बढ़ा चढ़ा कर या अधिक घटा
कर प्रस्तुत किया जाता है।
Examples
1.
The weaves rolled mountain high.
2.
Rivers of blood flowed in the battle.
3.
All the perfumes of
Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.
4.
She wept oceans of tears.
10.
Onomatopoeia ध्वनिसूचक
Definition – Onomatopoeia is a literary device in which the sound (birds, animals,
objects or natures etc.) suggests its sense or meaning.
इसमे प्राकृतिक या निर्जीव वस्तुओं का बोध होता है।
Examples
1. I heard the water lapping on the crag.
2. The snake hisses in the bus.
3. The cats mew.
4. Grunt grunt goes the hog.
5. The curfew tolls the Knell of a parting day.
11.
Imagery काल्पनिक
Definition – Imagery is a literary device which is used by the poets
or writers to create images in the mind of the reader.
इसमे कवि पाठक को कल्पना करने पर मजबूर करता है।
Examples
1.
Some say the world will end in fire
2.
He stalks in his vivid stripes
The few steps of his cage (poet tries to create an image
about the tiger)
3.
drifting blissfully
4.
The autumn leaves are a blanket on the ground.
5.
Her lips tasted as sweet as sugar.
6.
His words felt like a dagger in my heart.
12.
Irony व्यंग्योक्ति
Definition – Irony is a literary device in which a statement is made
but the meaning of the statement is opposite.
इसमे लेखक कुछ कहता है लेकिन उसके कहने का मतलब कुछ और होता
है। लगभग विपरीत।
Examples
1.
You are a fine friend to left me alone in my hour of
need.
2.
An English teacher has poor grammar.
(It is expected to an English teacher to be an expert in
grammar.
3.
A fire station burns down.
This is unexpected because it is believed that the fire
chief would keep his own building safe.
4.
“I will not marry yet; and, when I do, I swear
it shall be Romeo, whom you know I hate,
rather than Paris”
In this scene, Juliet confuses her mother with her
speech. She says that she is not ready to marry yet, but she is quite literally
preparing herself to be wed that very night.
13.
Pun श्र्लेष अलंकार
Definition – Pun is a play on two different meanings of the same words or
resembling word in the sound which two or more resembling sound words are used
one after another. It
refers double meaning as well.
इसमे लेखक एक शब्द से भिन्न भिन्न अर्थ का बोध कराता है।
Examples
1. An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his
country. ( For good has double meaning so it is Pun)
2. Give me a torch: I am not for this ambling; Being but heavy I will bear the
light. ( light word has double meaning so it is Pun)
3. A bicycle can't stand on its own because it is two-tired.
4. A pessimist's blood type is always B-negative.
5. “You can tune a guitar, but you can't tuna fish. Unless, of course, you
play bass." - Douglas Adams
6. "Time flies like an arrow. Fruit flies like a banana." - Groucho
Marx
7. "Hanging is too good for a man who makes puns; he should be drawn and
quoted." - Fred Allen
8. "Denial ain't just a river in Egypt." - Mark Twain
9. "Atheism is a non-prophet institution." - George Carlin
14.
Repetition पुनरावृति
Definition – In this poetic device a words repeats two or more times in a sentence or in
a poem.
इसमे लेखक या कवि एक ही शब्द एक वाक्य या लाइन मे दो या दो से
अधिक बार प्रयोग करता है।
Examples
1.
Rain, rain go away.
2.
Water, water all around, and not a drop to drink.
3.
“Hatred was spreading everywhere, blood was being
spilled everywhere, wars were breaking out everywhere.”
I am a lecturer at Saraswati Inter College Bharat Bhari.I have comleted MA And D.el.ed If you have any problems in provided study material you can contact Whatsapp No. 8858897238
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